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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rotationsfläche</span></h1>
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<p>Eine <b>Rotationsfläche</b> oder <b>Drehfläche</b> ist in der <a href="Geometrie" title="Geometrie">Geometrie</a> eine <a href="Fl%C3%A4che_(Mathematik)" title="Fläche (Mathematik)">Fläche</a>, die durch Rotation einer ebenen Kurve, des <i>Hauptmeridians</i>, um eine in derselben Ebene liegende Gerade, die <i>Rotationsachse</i>, entsteht. Ein einfaches Beispiel ist ein gerader Kreiskegel. Er entsteht durch Rotation einer Gerade um eine sie schneidende <a href="Rotationsachse" title="Rotationsachse">Rotationsachse</a>. Weitere einfache Beispiele sind: <a href="Zylinder_(Geometrie)" title="Zylinder (Geometrie)">gerader Kreiszylinder</a> (Rotation einer Gerade um eine dazu parallele Achse), <a href="Kugel" title="Kugel">Kugel</a> (Rotation eines Kreises um einen Durchmesser) und <a href="Rotationstorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotationstorus">Torus</a> (Rotation eines die Achse nicht schneidenden Kreises). Rotationsflächen haben gegenüber anderen Flächen besondere Eigenschaften:
</p>
<ul><li>Rotationsflächen sind <i>rotationssymmetrisch</i>, d. h. die wesentlichen geometrischen Informationen sind schon im Hauptmeridian enthalten. Sie haben deswegen relativ <i>einfache analytische Beschreibungen</i>.</li>
<li>Ein Schnitt mit einer beliebigen Ebene, die die Rotationsachse enthält, heißt <i>Meridian</i> und ist immer kongruent zum Hauptmeridian.</li>
<li>Ein Querschnitt, d. h. ein ebener Schnitt mit einer Ebene senkrecht zur Rotationsachse, ist immer ein Kreis und heißt <i>Breitenkreis</i>.</li>
<li>Die Meridiane und Breitenkreise sind die <i>Krümmumgslinien</i> der Rotationsfläche. (Sie schneiden sich senkrecht und geben in jedem Punkt die Richtungen maximaler und minimaler <a href="Gau%C3%9F-Kr%C3%BCmmung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauß-Krümmung">Normalkrümmungen</a> an (siehe Torus).)</li></ul>
<p>Weitere Beispiele: <a href="Rotationsellipsoid" title="Rotationsellipsoid">Rotationsellipsoid</a>, <a href="Rotationsparaboloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotationsparaboloid">Rotationsparaboloid</a>, <a href="Rotationshyperboloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotationshyperboloid">Rotationshyperboloid</a>.
</p><p><i>Bemerkung:</i>
</p>
<ol><li>Eine Rotationsfläche lässt sich auch durch die Rotation einer geeigneten anderen Kurve, die <i>nicht</i> mit der Rotationsachse in einer Ebene liegt, erzeugen. Ein einfaches Beispiel ist das Rotationshyperboloid. Es lässt sich durch Rotation einer auf ihr liegenden (zur Rotationsachse windschiefen) Gerade erzeugen. Die erzeugende Gerade ist <i>kein</i> Meridian.</li>
<li>Der <i>Umriss</i> einer Rotationsfläche ist im Allgemeinen kein Meridian oder ein anderer ebener Schnitt, siehe <a href="Umrisskonstruktion" title="Umrisskonstruktion">Umrisskonstruktion</a>.</li></ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analytische_Beschreibungen">Analytische Beschreibungen</h2></div>
<p>Die analytische Beschreibung einer Rotationsfläche hängt direkt von der analytischen Beschreibung der rotierten ebenen Kurve, des Hauptmeridians, ab. Im Folgenden wird immer vorausgesetzt, dass die <i>z-Achse die Rotationsachse</i> ist.
</p><p>Lässt man den Punkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (r_{0},0,z_{0}),\ r_{0}\geq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>r</mi>
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<mn>0</mn>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mi>z</mi>
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<mn>0</mn>
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<mn>0</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (r_{0},0,z_{0}),\ r_{0}\geq 0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9ce7980a7841caa77b04e39aa9ade6f2cdff361f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.256ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (r_{0},0,z_{0}),\ r_{0}\geq 0}" loading="lazy"></span> der x-z-Ebene um die z-Achse rotieren, so erhält man den Kreis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (r_{0}\cos \varphi ,r_{0}\sin \varphi ,z_{0}),\ 0\leq \varphi <2\pi \ ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
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<mn>0</mn>
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</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (r_{0}\cos \varphi ,r_{0}\sin \varphi ,z_{0}),\ 0\leq \varphi <2\pi \ ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45ceb59e2da5c65ee96e71e6eb6f347f33efe1b1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.99ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (r_{0}\cos \varphi ,r_{0}\sin \varphi ,z_{0}),\ 0\leq \varphi <2\pi \ ,}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Radius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{0}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fb12fcfddb65e3d1e6a044215f6e833f0cd4337b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.103ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meridian_in_Parameterform">Meridian in Parameterform</h3></div>
<p>In diesem Fall wird vorausgesetzt, dass
</p>
<ul><li>der Hauptmeridian <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a6ff51ee949104fe6fae553cfbdfba29d5fac1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Kurve <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (r(t),0,z(t)),\ t_{1}\leq t\leq t_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
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<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (r(t),0,z(t)),\ t_{1}\leq t\leq t_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18b601b6f96d56e36bf2bbd865dbec89075ab4e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.913ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (r(t),0,z(t)),\ t_{1}\leq t\leq t_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r(t)\geq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r(t)\geq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2bbd7b7e6d5953c852693ae24d6619944afae0dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.958ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r(t)\geq 0}" loading="lazy"></span> ist.</li></ul>
<p>Die <i>Parameterform</i> der zugehörigen Rotationsfläche ist dann
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (r(t)\cos \varphi ,r(t)\sin \varphi ,z(t)),\ \ t_{1}\leq t\leq t_{2},0\leq \varphi <2\pi \ .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mtext> </mtext>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (r(t)\cos \varphi ,r(t)\sin \varphi ,z(t)),\ \ t_{1}\leq t\leq t_{2},0\leq \varphi <2\pi \ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/241b6766472412f3632493e45a7c47b0250b226a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:52.22ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (r(t)\cos \varphi ,r(t)\sin \varphi ,z(t)),\ \ t_{1}\leq t\leq t_{2},0\leq \varphi <2\pi \ .}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>Für geometrische Betrachtungen ist es meist wichtig eine Flächennormale zur Verfügung zu haben. Unter entsprechenden Differenzierbarkeitsvoraussetzungen ergibt sich für eine <i>Normale</i> in einem Flächenpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (r\cos \varphi ,r\sin \varphi ,z)\ :}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>:</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (r\cos \varphi ,r\sin \varphi ,z)\ :}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a09d7c0312aba1457c6e45b6b85177cb8df7d043.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.491ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (r\cos \varphi ,r\sin \varphi ,z)\ :}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}=({\dot {z}}\cos \varphi ,{\dot {z}}\sin \varphi ,-{\dot {r}})\ .}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}=({\dot {z}}\cos \varphi ,{\dot {z}}\sin \varphi ,-{\dot {r}})\ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f8bd8ffe153289ddee756b7c317bcf64f85b2095.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.845ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}=({\dot {z}}\cos \varphi ,{\dot {z}}\sin \varphi ,-{\dot {r}})\ .}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>Für den <i>Oberflächeninhalt</i> ergibt sich (ohne mögliche Boden- und Deckelkreise !)
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=2\pi \int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}r\ {\sqrt {{\dot {r}}^{2}+{\dot {z}}^{2}}}\,dt,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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</msub>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=2\pi \int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}r\ {\sqrt {{\dot {r}}^{2}+{\dot {z}}^{2}}}\,dt,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7da7328f56689c2201d1bb6a1a7141437d508e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:26.811ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=2\pi \int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}r\ {\sqrt {{\dot {r}}^{2}+{\dot {z}}^{2}}}\,dt,}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p><i>Beispiele:</i>
</p>
<dl><dd><b>1)</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{0}:(r_{0}t,0,z_{0}(1-t)),\ 0\leq t\leq 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{0}:(r_{0}t,0,z_{0}(1-t)),\ 0\leq t\leq 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6171c98e3f19519b4a8f1d9b154c9ffe828ccecf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.777ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{0}:(r_{0}t,0,z_{0}(1-t)),\ 0\leq t\leq 1}" loading="lazy"></span> (Strecke) ergibt den <i>Kegel</i>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (r_{0}t\cos \varphi ,r_{0}t\sin \varphi ,z_{0}(1-t),\ \ 0\leq t\leq 1,0\leq \varphi <2\pi \ ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (r_{0}t\cos \varphi ,r_{0}t\sin \varphi ,z_{0}(1-t),\ \ 0\leq t\leq 1,0\leq \varphi <2\pi \ ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a7fc72ec9461eab6b5877c734f4d5f21de9138f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:53.392ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (r_{0}t\cos \varphi ,r_{0}t\sin \varphi ,z_{0}(1-t),\ \ 0\leq t\leq 1,0\leq \varphi <2\pi \ ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>mit Grundkreisradius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fb12fcfddb65e3d1e6a044215f6e833f0cd4337b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.103ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Höhe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e72d1d86e86355892b39b8eb32b964834e113bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.135ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd>
<dd><b>2)</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{0}:(R+a\cos t,0,a\sin t),\ 0\leq t\leq 2\pi ,\ R>a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{0}:(R+a\cos t,0,a\sin t),\ 0\leq t\leq 2\pi ,\ R>a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0e6bdb9b04d2ed15919ee6979440a62df2de11e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:46.345ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{0}:(R+a\cos t,0,a\sin t),\ 0\leq t\leq 2\pi ,\ R>a}" loading="lazy"></span> (Kreis) ergibt den <i>Torus</i> (s. Bild)
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ((R+a\cos t)\cos \varphi ,(R+a\cos t)\sin \varphi ,a\sin t),\ 0\leq t\leq 1,0\leq \varphi <2\pi \ .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ((R+a\cos t)\cos \varphi ,(R+a\cos t)\sin \varphi ,a\sin t),\ 0\leq t\leq 1,0\leq \varphi <2\pi \ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5360160e1b1f0bfe8a620767c6e8e4eb93847a31.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:69.48ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ((R+a\cos t)\cos \varphi ,(R+a\cos t)\sin \varphi ,a\sin t),\ 0\leq t\leq 1,0\leq \varphi <2\pi \ .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><b>3)</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{0}:(a\cos t,0,b\sin t),\ 0\leq t\leq \pi ,\ }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{0}:(a\cos t,0,b\sin t),\ 0\leq t\leq \pi ,\ }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cfd6a07f379b9e6de32d8ab273e8e6fc37fbe9f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:34.253ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{0}:(a\cos t,0,b\sin t),\ 0\leq t\leq \pi ,\ }" loading="lazy"></span> (Halbellipse) ergibt das <i>Rotationsellipsoid</i>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (a\cos t\cos \varphi ,a\cos t\sin \varphi ,b\sin t)\ 0\leq t\leq \pi ,\ 0\leq \varphi <2\pi \ .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (a\cos t\cos \varphi ,a\cos t\sin \varphi ,b\sin t)\ 0\leq t\leq \pi ,\ 0\leq \varphi <2\pi \ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81e87ee605f606fcec6929c4dd550733c46e1799.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:56.137ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (a\cos t\cos \varphi ,a\cos t\sin \varphi ,b\sin t)\ 0\leq t\leq \pi ,\ 0\leq \varphi <2\pi \ .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><b>4)</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{0}:(a\cos 2\pi {\tfrac {t-b}{l}}+c,0,t),\ 0\leq t\leq h,\ }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>l</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{0}:(a\cos 2\pi {\tfrac {t-b}{l}}+c,0,t),\ 0\leq t\leq h,\ }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f8e568280a5bd4f14ffea55f84ebdd1c04774e77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:38.549ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{0}:(a\cos 2\pi {\tfrac {t-b}{l}}+c,0,t),\ 0\leq t\leq h,\ }" loading="lazy"></span> (Kosinuskurve) ergibt
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left((a\cos 2\pi {\tfrac {t-b}{l}}+c)\cos \varphi ,(a\cos 2\pi {\tfrac {t-b}{l}}+c)\sin \varphi ,t\right)\ 0\leq t\leq h,\ 0\leq \varphi <2\pi \ .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>l</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>l</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left((a\cos 2\pi {\tfrac {t-b}{l}}+c)\cos \varphi ,(a\cos 2\pi {\tfrac {t-b}{l}}+c)\sin \varphi ,t\right)\ 0\leq t\leq h,\ 0\leq \varphi <2\pi \ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0f0432fb3da651962179ef79eb93cbba6941bc48.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:74.32ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left((a\cos 2\pi {\tfrac {t-b}{l}}+c)\cos \varphi ,(a\cos 2\pi {\tfrac {t-b}{l}}+c)\sin \varphi ,t\right)\ 0\leq t\leq h,\ 0\leq \varphi <2\pi \ .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>Für das erste Bild (Vase) wurden folgende Parameter verwendet:</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=10,b=20,l=100,c=20,h=90}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>20</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>100</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>20</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>90</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=10,b=20,l=100,c=20,h=90}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5da59c8fd7b435b220092ec1944ab087c0edccd6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:37.682ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=10,b=20,l=100,c=20,h=90}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meridian_in_impliziter_Form">Meridian in impliziter Form</h3></div>
<p>In diesem Fall wird vorausgesetzt, dass
</p>
<ul><li>der Hauptmeridian <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a6ff51ee949104fe6fae553cfbdfba29d5fac1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> die in der r-z-Ebene durch die Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(r,z)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(r,z)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/78a059790f23cf01b02a0b01d5565991d2a7546d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.52ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(r,z)=0}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r\geq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r\geq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aa96c19954fcda2695f988938ccf091d2bc2bbae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.31ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r\geq 0}" loading="lazy"></span> implizit gegebene Kurve ist.</li></ul>
<p>Die implizite Darstellung der zugehörigen Rotationsfläche ergibt sich durch die Ersetzung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r={\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}\ :}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>:</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r={\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}\ :}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dea420d6f50844837535d6716c2f702037a7c9cf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:15.783ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r={\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}}\ :}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f({\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}},z)=0\ .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f({\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}},z)=0\ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/533ea6ce902cb2292d66b7f87a79096a62ee561e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:20.461ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f({\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}}},z)=0\ .}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p>Eine Flächennormale in einem Flächenpunkt
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x,y,z)=(r\cos \varphi ,r\sin \varphi ,z)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x,y,z)=(r\cos \varphi ,r\sin \varphi ,z)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/caadb1614d07f7b8b405d8aa61c84e3d71a798fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.167ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x,y,z)=(r\cos \varphi ,r\sin \varphi ,z)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}=(f_{r}\cos \varphi ,f_{r}\sin \varphi ,f_{z})\ .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}=(f_{r}\cos \varphi ,f_{r}\sin \varphi ,f_{z})\ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d0f511f0fa04b538741f6b52c38f643630001dc8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.52ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {n}}=(f_{r}\cos \varphi ,f_{r}\sin \varphi ,f_{z})\ .}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<p><i>Beispiele:</i>
</p>
<dl><dd><b>1)</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{0}:z_{0}r+r_{0}z-r_{0}z_{0}=0,\ r_{0},z_{0}>0,\ 0\leq r\leq r_{0}\ ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{0}:z_{0}r+r_{0}z-r_{0}z_{0}=0,\ r_{0},z_{0}>0,\ 0\leq r\leq r_{0}\ ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c6efce0070ba4b25de8ed429e67794b5fd73de14.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:50.088ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{0}:z_{0}r+r_{0}z-r_{0}z_{0}=0,\ r_{0},z_{0}>0,\ 0\leq r\leq r_{0}\ ,}" loading="lazy"></span> (Strecke) ergibt den <i>Kegel</i> mit der Gleichung
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z_{0}^{2}(x^{2}+y^{2})=r_{0}^{2}(z_{0}-z)^{2}\ ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z_{0}^{2}(x^{2}+y^{2})=r_{0}^{2}(z_{0}-z)^{2}\ ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/febc3de37e234251e6f13db9c35fdace80cd5cdb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:26.749ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z_{0}^{2}(x^{2}+y^{2})=r_{0}^{2}(z_{0}-z)^{2}\ ,}" loading="lazy"></span> dem Grundkreisradius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fb12fcfddb65e3d1e6a044215f6e833f0cd4337b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.103ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Höhe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle z_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle z_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e72d1d86e86355892b39b8eb32b964834e113bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.135ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle z_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl></dd>
<dd><b>2)</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{0}:(r-R)^{2}+z^{2}-a^{2}=0,R>a>0\ ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{0}:(r-R)^{2}+z^{2}-a^{2}=0,R>a>0\ ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0be50607d7e7b914840cc5bcea91f68cc029c6c5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:40.533ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{0}:(r-R)^{2}+z^{2}-a^{2}=0,R>a>0\ ,}" loading="lazy"></span> (Kreis) ergibt den <i>Torus</i> mit der Gleichung
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}+R^{2}-a^{2})^{2}-4R^{2}(x^{2}+y^{2})=0\ .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}+R^{2}-a^{2})^{2}-4R^{2}(x^{2}+y^{2})=0\ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b5f614be97b11e1d41ada4a7d85453d34a267705.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:47.628ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}+R^{2}-a^{2})^{2}-4R^{2}(x^{2}+y^{2})=0\ .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><b>3)</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{0}:(r^{2}+z^{2})^{2}-2c^{2}(r^{2}-z^{2})-(a^{4}-c^{4})=0,a>0,c>0\ ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{0}:(r^{2}+z^{2})^{2}-2c^{2}(r^{2}-z^{2})-(a^{4}-c^{4})=0,a>0,c>0\ ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1c5ae664cc26ff03b166d0204423b0588d7a4372.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:60.094ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{0}:(r^{2}+z^{2})^{2}-2c^{2}(r^{2}-z^{2})-(a^{4}-c^{4})=0,a>0,c>0\ ,}" loading="lazy"></span> (<a href="Cassini-Kurve" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassini-Kurve">Cassini-Kurve</a>) ergibt die Fläche mit der Gleichung
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2})^{2}-2c^{2}(x^{2}+y^{2}-z^{2})-(a^{4}-c^{4})=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2})^{2}-2c^{2}(x^{2}+y^{2}-z^{2})-(a^{4}-c^{4})=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43992ca8fcca6a43f5692facdd46235dee307a1f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:51.681ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2})^{2}-2c^{2}(x^{2}+y^{2}-z^{2})-(a^{4}-c^{4})=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>Für das Bild wurde <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a=c=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a=c=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/370b8131af06de38b9f50198156dde3781363abc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.596ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a=c=1}" loading="lazy"></span> (<a href="Lemniskate" title="Lemniskate">Lemniskate</a>) gewählt.</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guldinsche_Regeln">Guldinsche Regeln</h2></div>
<p>Die erste <a href="Guldinsche_Regeln" class="mw-redirect" title="Guldinsche Regeln">guldinsche Regel</a>, benannt nach dem Schweizer Mathematiker <a href="Paul_Guldin" title="Paul Guldin">Paul Guldin</a>, verkürzt die Berechnungen von Rotationsflächen enorm, falls sich die <a href="Geometrischer_Schwerpunkt" title="Geometrischer Schwerpunkt">Linien- oder Flächenschwerpunkte</a> der rotierenden Objekte unter Ausnutzen der Symmetrien der jeweiligen Aufgabe einfach erkennen lassen.
</p><p>Bezeichnungen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> = Flächeninhalt</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> = Länge der erzeugenden Linie (Profillinie)</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> = Radius des Schwerpunktkreises</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> = Radius des rotierenden Kreises (Torus-Beispiele)</dd></dl>
<p>Der <a href="Fl%C3%A4cheninhalt" title="Flächeninhalt">Flächeninhalt</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> einer Rotationsfläche, dessen Rotationsachse die erzeugende Linie nicht schneidet, ist gleich dem Produkt aus der Länge der erzeugenden Linie (Profillinie) und dem Umfang des Kreises (Schwerpunktkreis), der durch die Rotation des Schwerpunktes der Profillinie erzeugt wird:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=L\cdot 2\pi R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=L\cdot 2\pi R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/92c0e67f86b81f2fb18b9b531a52b495c4bd1f3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.362ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=L\cdot 2\pi R}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ausgedrückt in Abhängigkeit von der Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> der erzeugenden Linie ergibt sich der Flächeninhalt als:
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bei_Rotation_um_die_x-Achse">Bei Rotation um die <i>x</i>-Achse</h3></div>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=2\pi \int _{a}^{b}f(x){\sqrt {1+\left[f'(x)\right]^{2}}}\mathrm {d} x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=2\pi \int _{a}^{b}f(x){\sqrt {1+\left[f'(x)\right]^{2}}}\mathrm {d} x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a9b7b79133992cbcc9927b4de892f16520e98dd2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:32.371ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=2\pi \int _{a}^{b}f(x){\sqrt {1+\left[f'(x)\right]^{2}}}\mathrm {d} x}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle R=y_{s}={\frac {1}{L}}\int _{L}y\mathrm {d} L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>L</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle R=y_{s}={\frac {1}{L}}\int _{L}y\mathrm {d} L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b9239bf7e7f081db01a085bafc905aaed6b6303.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:19.313ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle R=y_{s}={\frac {1}{L}}\int _{L}y\mathrm {d} L}" loading="lazy"></span> als <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}" loading="lazy"></span>-Koordinate des Linienschwerpunktes der Linie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> und ihrem Linienelement <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c41767d965adf9cd0a04cc7cf4b39e9d33fbaeb8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.875ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} L}" loading="lazy"></span> findet man
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=L\cdot 2\pi R=L\cdot 2\pi \cdot {\frac {1}{L}}\int _{L}f(x)\mathrm {d} L=2\pi \int _{L}f(x)\mathrm {d} L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>L</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msub>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=L\cdot 2\pi R=L\cdot 2\pi \cdot {\frac {1}{L}}\int _{L}f(x)\mathrm {d} L=2\pi \int _{L}f(x)\mathrm {d} L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c4c6626d7716cca6ac6929b5a8a3b4f9dd3f4680.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:52.33ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=L\cdot 2\pi R=L\cdot 2\pi \cdot {\frac {1}{L}}\int _{L}f(x)\mathrm {d} L=2\pi \int _{L}f(x)\mathrm {d} L}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>was das obige Ergebnis darstellt, wenn noch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \mathrm {d} L={\sqrt {(\mathrm {d} x)^{2}+(\mathrm {d} y)^{2}}}={\sqrt {1+\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} y}{\mathrm {d} x}}\right)^{2}}}\mathrm {d} x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \mathrm {d} L={\sqrt {(\mathrm {d} x)^{2}+(\mathrm {d} y)^{2}}}={\sqrt {1+\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} y}{\mathrm {d} x}}\right)^{2}}}\mathrm {d} x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/290c55d79935c7aad3c40eb17bbeed37b2b8feed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:40.503ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \mathrm {d} L={\sqrt {(\mathrm {d} x)^{2}+(\mathrm {d} y)^{2}}}={\sqrt {1+\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} y}{\mathrm {d} x}}\right)^{2}}}\mathrm {d} x}" loading="lazy"></span> mit den <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>-Intervallgrenzen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span> eingesetzt wird.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bei_Rotation_um_die_y-Achse">Bei Rotation um die <i>y</i>-Achse</h3></div>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=2\pi \int _{\min(f(a),f(b))}^{\max(f(a),f(b))}f^{-1}(y){\sqrt {1+\left[\left(f^{-1}(y)\right)'\right]^{2}}}\mathrm {d} y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">min</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=2\pi \int _{\min(f(a),f(b))}^{\max(f(a),f(b))}f^{-1}(y){\sqrt {1+\left[\left(f^{-1}(y)\right)'\right]^{2}}}\mathrm {d} y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bde1b58ecb5cfb5efb316c02a84597750e8e2425.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:49.618ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=2\pi \int _{\min(f(a),f(b))}^{\max(f(a),f(b))}f^{-1}(y){\sqrt {1+\left[\left(f^{-1}(y)\right)'\right]^{2}}}\mathrm {d} y}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Wie oben bei der Volumenberechnung muss auch hier gegebenenfalls die Rechnung für die stetigen und streng monotonen Abschnitte von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/202945cce41ecebb6f643f31d119c514bec7a074.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.418ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)}" loading="lazy"></span>, in denen die <a href="Umkehrfunktion" title="Umkehrfunktion">Umkehrfunktion</a> existiert, separat durchgeführt werden.
</p><p><b>Beispiel:</b> Oberfläche eines <a href="Rotationstorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotationstorus">Rotationstorus</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=2\pi r\cdot 2\pi R=4\pi ^{2}rR}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=2\pi r\cdot 2\pi R=4\pi ^{2}rR}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/736c116ad78e58e85f78410c010b0a138a8c7f04.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:23.784ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=2\pi r\cdot 2\pi R=4\pi ^{2}rR}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parameterform">Parameterform</h2></div>
<p>Wenn eine <a href="Kurve_(Mathematik)" title="Kurve (Mathematik)">Kurve</a> durch ihre Parameterform <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (x(t),y(t))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (x(t),y(t))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b7b80868600db89fef84e4d41317b7c8a1e0d047.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.626ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (x(t),y(t))}" loading="lazy"></span> in einem <a href="Intervall_(Mathematik)" title="Intervall (Mathematik)">Intervall</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert wird, sind die <a href="Fl%C3%A4cheninhalt" title="Flächeninhalt">Flächeninhalte</a> der Rotationsflächen, die durch Drehen der Kurve um die x-Achse oder die y-Achse erzeugt werden, gegeben durch<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{x}=\int _{a}^{b}2\pi y\,{\sqrt {\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} y}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{x}=\int _{a}^{b}2\pi y\,{\sqrt {\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} y}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/30c48b99f9bf673460c26f26c002935571264cf5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:37.217ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{x}=\int _{a}^{b}2\pi y\,{\sqrt {\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} y}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{y}=\int _{a}^{b}2\pi x\,{\sqrt {\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} y}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{y}=\int _{a}^{b}2\pi x\,{\sqrt {\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} y}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0af9af5a2dfb2e6c16cee6fe7ecf3c396a2442b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:37.268ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{y}=\int _{a}^{b}2\pi x\,{\sqrt {\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} x}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} y}{\mathrm {d} t}}\right)^{2}}}\,\mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typen">Typen</h2></div>
<p>Rotationsflächen konstanter <a href="Gau%C3%9Fsche_Kr%C3%BCmmung" title="Gaußsche Krümmung">gaußscher Krümmung</a> wurden von <a href="Carl_Friedrich_Gau%C3%9F" title="Carl Friedrich Gauß">Carl Friedrich Gauß</a> und <a href="Ferdinand_Minding" title="Ferdinand Minding">Ferdinand Minding</a> klassifiziert. Rotationsflächen mit verschwindender gaußscher Krümmung sind die Ebene, der Zylinder und der Kegel. Rotationsflächen mit positiver gaußscher Krümmung sind die Kugeloberfläche, die Flächen vom Spindeltyp und die Flächen vom Wulsttyp. Rotationsflächen mit negativer gaußscher Krümmung sind die <a href="Pseudosph%C3%A4re" title="Pseudosphäre">Pseudosphäre</a>, die auch als mindingsche Fläche bekannt ist, die Flächen vom Kegeltyp und die Flächen vom Kehltyp. Die Kugeloberfläche und die Pseudosphäre haben konstante Gaußsche Krümmung.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Rotationsk%C3%B6rper" title="Rotationskörper">Rotationskörper</a></li>
<li><a href="Mantelfl%C3%A4che" title="Mantelfläche">Mantelfläche</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>W. Kühnel: <i>Differentialgeometrie</i>, Vieweg-Verlag, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, 2003, ISBN 3-528-17289-4, S. 52</li>
<li>Manfredo Perdigão do Carmo: <i>Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces.</i> Prentice-Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River NJ 1976, ISBN 0-13-212589-7.</li>
<li><i>Kleine Enzyklopädie Mathematik</i>, Harri Deutsch-Verlag, 1977, S. 621</li>
<li><a href="Michael_Spivak" title="Michael Spivak">Michael Spivak</a>: <i>A Comprehensive Introduction to Differential Geometry (Band 3)</i>, Publish or Perish Press, Berkeley, 1999, ISBN 0-914098-72-1</li>
<li><a href="Karl_Strubecker" title="Karl Strubecker">Karl Strubecker</a>: <i>Differentialgeometrie (Band III)</i>, Sammlung Göschen, Band 1180, De Gruyter, Berlin, 1959</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.uni-leipzig.de/~rademacher/Vortrag6.pdf">Drehflächen und Regelflächen</a> (PDF-Datei; 777 kB) mit Formeln zur Krümmungsberechnung und Beispielen von Rotationsflächen</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravish R. Singh, Mukul Bhatt: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Engineering Mathematics</cite>. A Tutorial Approach. Tata MacGraw Hill, Neu-Delhi 2010, ISBN 978-0-07-014615-0, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6.90</span> (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=oQ1y1HCpeowC&pg=SA6-PA90">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rotationsfl%C3%A4che&rft.au=Ravish+R.+Singh%2C+Mukul+Bhatt&rft.btitle=Engineering+Mathematics&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780070146150&rft.pages=6.90&rft.place=Neu-Delhi&rft.pub=Tata+MacGraw+Hill" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
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